Terms_ISMS

1. Metternich - Austrian foreign minister from 1809-1848, he was a firm supporter of conservatism and later the head of the Holy Alliance to crush liberal reform. He believed in traditional values, legitimate rule and status quo. Status quo is the maintenance of the current state of Europe. His values were similar to that of the Russian Tsar Alexander, who he feared because of his aggressiveness and ambitions. Austria and Russia continued their alliance because Austria needed the protection Russia could provide against France, and so that Metternich could keep his enemies close. Metternich differed Alexander's conquests and overall helped to maintain the balance of power in Europe. He handled domestic diversity that threatened to split Austria by squashing nationalism.

2. Holy Alliance - Alliance formed between Austria, Prussia, and Russia In 1815 by Metternich but was originally proposed by the Russian Tsar, Alexander I. The Alliance fought against the liberal ideas and politics of the dual revolution. It was the initiation of repressing liberal ideas and maintaining traditional values.

3. Carlsbad Decree - Passed by the Metternich's Holy Alliance, these decrees required the 38 German States of the Confederation to get rid of all subversive ideas in universities and newspapers and set up a system of spies and informants who reported anyone suspected of spreading liberal or revolutionary ideas to be tried and often jailed. [taking away freedom of information and speech]

4. Conservatism - Belief that tradition should be at the forefront of human values. Favored the place of the clergy and monarchy as places of power in society because tradition is what has been known to work in the past. The antithesis of revolutionary thought.

5. Congress of Vienna - Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain met to fashion a general peace statement. They agreed to raise formidable barriers against renewed French aggression.

6. Concert of Europe- The series of conflicts and diplomatic meetings in the 19th century used to prevent a world war, synonym with the Congress of Vienna and the events around it.

7. Balance of Power - The five Powers: Austria, Britain, Prussia, Russia, and France, maintained a balance of political and military forces to prevent any one country's domination of Europe. Because of how the Powers were balanced, if one or two of the powers decided to attempt to conquer, they could be defeated by the others and the balance would stay intact.

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8. Constitutional Charter of 1814 (Louis XVIII) - was a charter created by Louis XVIII that protected the economic and social gains made by sections of the middle class and the peasantry in the French Revolution, and it permitted great intellectual and artistic freedom.======

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9. Revolution of 1830 (Charles X) - Charles X issued decrees stripping a lot of the wealthy middle class of its voting rights, and he censored the press. The Revolution of 1830 consisted of journalists and lawyers, other artisans and small traders bringing down the government.======

10. French Revolution of 1848 (Louis Philippe) Occurred after middle class and peasants decided that conditions were not fair enough. They pushed for a more liberal France, after achieving this, they disputed about how to from a new liberal government. The middle class citizens crushed the peasants and established a republic with Napoleon III as king.

11. Emperor Napoleon III

12. Austrian Revolution of 1848

13. Frederick William of Prussia- King of Prussia, demanded absolute power over Germany instead of a constitutional monarchy. Was not allowed to increase military funding so he used Bismark to operate behind the legislature's back and against their will.

14. John Stuart Mill A liberal thinker who believed in prosperity through kindness and equality to workers. He was a rare person in his time.

15. Nationalism - Strongly tied to cultural identity, each culture has its own language, history, belief in the power of their nation, and territory all of which gave the people something to have pride in. Nationalism was the stirring of a common loyalty that connected those of a nation.

16. Otto Von Bismark

17. Zollverein was a German customs system that allowed easier and more economic transport of goods within the German states.

18. Austro-Prussian War This was a war that lasted only seven weeks. Austria fought Prussia over Prussian unification with Germany. Germany had railroads and an improved industry. These factors helped Prussia win. After, the war, The new Germany offered Austria benevolent peace terms, so Austria would not feel resentment toward them.

19. North German Confederacy The North German Confederacy was a federal constitution issued by Bismark after the victory against Austria. Under the North German Confederacy each state retained its own local government, but the King of Prussia became the president of the Confederation and Bismark had to do only what the president said. This federal government, consisting of the king and Bismark, was in charge of the army and foreign affairs. However the people, meaning the males, had a voice to in some of the government decisions because delegates of the legislature were elected by universal male suffrage. This gave more power to the middle class.

20. Franco-Prussian War